From oil discovery to a sustainable tomorrow
Oil exploration in Bahrain began in 1925 when the country granted its first concession to Standard Oil of California. In 1929, the Bahrain Petroleum Company (Bapco) was formed, and on June 2, 1932, Bahrain became the first Gulf country to discover oil. The well at Jebel Dukhan produced oil at a depth of 1,472 feet. This discovery transformed Bahrain’s economy, funding infrastructure and modernization. By the 1940s, Bahrain was refining and exporting oil, with the Sitra refinery becoming a regional hub. Bapco remains a symbol of industrial progress and resilience.
Oil drilling begins with geological surveys to locate underground reservoirs. A drill rig is set up to bore deep into the earth using a rotating drill bit. Drilling fluid (or "mud") is pumped down to cool the bit and carry rock cuttings to the surface. Once oil is reached, steel casing is inserted to stabilize the well. Pumps then extract the oil, which is stored or piped to refineries. Offshore rigs operate similarly but are mounted on platforms above the sea. Modern rigs use advanced sensors and automation to improve safety and efficiency.
While oil has been a cornerstone of Bahrain’s economic development, it comes with significant environmental and social costs. The burning of fossil fuels contributes heavily to greenhouse gas emissions, accelerating climate change and global warming. Oil spills and industrial waste can damage marine ecosystems and pollute groundwater, affecting both biodiversity and public health. Economically, reliance on oil creates vulnerability to global price fluctuations, which can destabilize national budgets and hinder long-term planning. Socially, oil wealth can lead to inequality and overdependence on a single sector, slowing innovation and diversification. Addressing these challenges requires bold policy shifts and public awareness.
Today, Bahrain continues to benefit from its oil reserves, but the country is actively working to reduce its dependence on fossil fuels. The government has invested in infrastructure, education, and financial services to diversify the economy. Bapco remains a key player, but its operations are increasingly focused on modernization and sustainability. Bahrain’s GDP still includes oil revenues, but sectors like tourism, fintech, and logistics are growing rapidly. The country has also embraced digital transformation, with smart city initiatives and e-government services improving efficiency and transparency. These efforts reflect Bahrain’s commitment to balancing tradition with innovation as it prepares for a post-oil future.
Bahrain’s Vision 2030 outlines a strategic roadmap for sustainable development, emphasizing environmental stewardship, economic diversification, and social equity. The nation has pledged to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2060, aligning with global climate goals. Renewable energy projects, particularly solar and wind, are gaining momentum, with pilot programs already powering public buildings and infrastructure. Urban planning is shifting toward green spaces, energy-efficient architecture, and sustainable transportation. Public awareness campaigns and educational initiatives are fostering a culture of environmental responsibility. Bahrain’s eco-friendly future is not just a policy goal — it’s a national movement toward resilience, innovation, and harmony with nature.